Week+12

writing Instruction The acronym PENS helps the student remember the steps to sentence writing: The use of a first-letter mnemonic cues the student how to complete the writing task independently: To cue the student to detect four kinds of common errors, the teacher can introduce COPS questions to be used as an error-monitoring strategy:
 * **P **— //Pick // a sentence type and formula.
 * **E **— //Explore //words to fit the formula.
 * **N **— //Note //the words.
 * **S **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Search //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> for verbs and subjects, and check. Schumaker and Sheldon (1998, 1999)
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">P **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Pick //
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">L **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">List //
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">E **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Evaluate //
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">A **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Activate //
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">S **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Supply //
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">E **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">End //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> and //evaluate// Welch (1992)
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">C **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Have I //capitalized// the first word and proper nouns?
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">O **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">How is the //overall// appearance? (Look at spacing, legibility, indention of paragraphs, neatness, and complete sentences.)
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">P **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Have I put in commas, semicolons, and end //punctuation//?
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">S **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Have I //spelled// all the words correctly?

<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">(Schumaker, Nolan, & Deshler, 1985
=<span style="color: #333399; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Writing Instruction for Middle School Students = <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">DARE is a strategy to help students compose appropriate opinion papers, while SPACE assists students in creating narratives. DARE is a first-letter mnemonic: <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">SPACE, which also is a first letter-mnemonic, prompts students to remember the elements necessary in a fictional narrative: <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Teaching theme writing through the use of the acronym TOWER provides a structured approach: <span style="color: #333399; display: block; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Writing Instruction <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Strategy using the acronym HOW to improve the appearance of written work and remind the student how the paper should look:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">D <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Develop //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> a position statement.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">A <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Add //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">supporting arguments.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">R <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Report //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> and refute counter arguments.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">E <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">End //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> with a strong conclusion.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">S <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Setting //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">elements
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">P <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Problems //
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">A <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Actions //
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">C <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Consequences //
 * <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">E <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Emotions //
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">T **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Think //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> (e.g., about content such as title, major subtopics, and details)
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">O **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Organize //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> it (i.e., topics and details).
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">W **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Write //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> a draft.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">E **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Evaluate //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> it (i.e., look for errors by using COPS).
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">R **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Refine //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> it. (Schumaker, 2003)
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">H **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Heading //
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">O **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Organized //
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">W **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">— //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Written neatly //